Benchmarking Fluvial Dynamics for Process‐Based River Restoration: the Upper Rhine River (1816–2014)

Multi‐temporal analysis of river‐floodplain processes is a key tool for the identification of reference conditions or benchmarks and for the evaluation of deviations or deficits as a basis for process‐based river restoration in large modified rivers. This study developed a methodology for benchmarking fluvial processes at river segment level, focusing on those interrelations between morphodynamics (aggradation, erosion, channel shift) and vegetation succession (initial, colonization, transition) that condition habitat structure. Habitat maps of the free‐flowing Upper Rhine River downstream from Iffezheim dam (France–Germany border) were intersected with a geographic information system‐based approach. Patches showing trajectories of anthropization, changeless, progression and regression allowed for the identification of natural and human‐induced processes over almost 200 years. Before channelization, the riverine system was characterized by a shifting habitat mosaic with natural heterogeneity, high degree of surface water connectivity and equilibrium between progression and regression processes. On the other hand, the following 175 years of human interventions led to severe biogeomorphologic deficits evidenced by loss of natural processes and habitat heterogeneity, hydrological disconnection between the river and its floodplain and imbalance of progression versus regression dynamics. The main driving forces of change are found in hydromorphological impacts (channelization, regulation and hydropower plant construction). Regression processes are now almost absent and have to be the objective of process‐based river restoration measures for the studied river‐floodplain system. A sustainable view on water management and river restoration should aim at a more resilient riverine system by balancing the recovery of natural processes with societal needs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial and Temporal Distinction of Microelemental Signatures of Missouri River Tributaries

The microchemical composition of a fish's calcified structure, such as an otolith, fin ray, or scale, is a ‘biological tag’ that reflects the use of different habitats throughout its life history. Hard‐part microchemistry has the potential to address many fish conservation, management, and behavior questions. In order to use hard‐part microchemistry to address fisheries research questions, elemental signatures of water must be distinct at the spatial scale of interest and ideally temporally stable. The goal of this study was to assess whether spatial differences existed in the concentrations of five elements [barium (¹³⁷Ba), magnesium (²⁴Mg), manganese (⁵⁵Mn), sodium (²³Na), and strontium (⁸⁸Sr)] between and within eight Missouri River tributaries and whether those signatures were temporally stable. All elemental concentrations were converted to molar ratios (mmol mol^?1) using calcium (⁴³Ca) concentrations as the base. Canonical correspondence analysis showed distinct differences in Mg:Ca, Na:Ca, and Sr:Ca concentrations between the eight tributaries. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests showed that sites within a tributary were distinguished using Mg:Ca and Na:Ca concentrations. However, only Mg:Ca concentrations were temporally stable. Results from this study demonstrate the potential for using hard‐part microchemistry to address various questions at multiple spatial scales in the Missouri River riverscape but also highlight the importance of evaluating water microelemental signatures prior or simultaneous to any hard‐part microchemistry study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PSU/PES-C相容性对合金膜结构和性能的影响

通过混合焓法预测并用相差显微镜表征了PSU／PES-C合金体系的相容性，表明二者为相容合金体系，合金膜中聚合物的组成影响PSU与PES-C间的相容性，进而影响合金膜的结构和性能：研究表明，随合金体系相容性的降低，膜的平均孔径显著增加，水通量增大而相应的截留率下降；改变PSU与PES-C间的相容性是调节膜结构、提高膜性能的有效方法。     

层状纳米羟基磷灰石的制备及影响因素

以表面活性剂磷酸酯为模板剂制备了具有层状结构的纳米羟基磷灰石(nano-hydroxyapatite,n-HA),该层状结构呈规则的周期性排列,层间距约为3.5 nm.用透射电子显微镜、广角X射线衍射、小角X射线衍射和Fourier变换红外光谱对材料的相组成、微观结构和形貌进行分析和表征.研究了液相体系中表面活性剂的浓度及反应温度对n-HA结构和形貌的影响.结果表明:反应温度和表面活性剂的浓度会显著影响材料的结构,最佳合成条件下可以形成相对均一的层状长条形n-HA.     

大丝束聚丙烯腈基预氧丝炭化研究

采用正交实验法研究了炭化温度、炭化时间、升温速率等因素对两种聚丙烯腈基预氧丝炭化产物结构和性能的影响.结果表明,进口东邦48 K大丝束聚丙烯腈基预氧丝环化程度优于国产吉林6 K小丝束聚丙烯腈基预氧丝,在炭化温度950℃,升温速率4℃/min,保温时间10 min条件下,炭化可取得最佳性能,炭化产物纤维拉伸强度达2.96 GPa,而国产吉林6 K小丝束在炭化温度1 100℃,升温速率4℃/min,保温时间5 min条件下炭化产物性能最佳,产物炭纤维拉伸强度近3.80 GPa.伴随两种预氧丝炭化过程,纤维颜色加深,表面缺陷减少,拉伸断裂模式均由假塑性向脆性过渡,为复合材料低成本开发中预氧丝坯体制备与炭化工艺提供了参考依据.     

A晶型盐酸帕罗西汀晶体结构预测

利用Cerius2软件自带的晶体结构预测模块,以实验测得的A晶型盐酸帕罗西汀X射线粉末衍射数据为晶体结构预测结果的检测与筛选标准,以粉末衍射数据指标化得到的空间群作为参考,最终确定了A晶型盐酸帕罗西汀晶体分子的空间结构;在此基础之上进一步考察了半水盐酸帕罗西汀、A晶型盐酸帕罗西汀、盐酸帕罗西汀异丙醇化物之间的相对稳定性,从晶体结构的角度解释了三者之间晶型相互转换的原因。     

BiFeO3-SrBi2Nb2O9陶瓷的介电与铁电性能研究

用传统的固相反应法制备了单相层状钙钛矿结构的xBiFeO3-(1-x)SrBi2Nb2O9(x=0、0.05、0.1)的铁电陶瓷,并对其电学性能进行了研究。研究结果表明BiFeO3的掺入降低了SBN的烧结温度,陶瓷晶粒尺寸减小,致密度提高;介电性能得到了改善,居里温度和在居里点的介电常数提高;铁电性能恶化,耐压特性下降。     

单组分聚脲材料在寒冷地区某大坝溢流面防护中的应用

水利水电工程泄洪建筑物表面经常遭受高速含沙水流或携带推移质的冲刷,经过一段时间的运行,往往会出现不同程度的磨损及气蚀破坏,采用性能优越的水工混凝土抗冲耐磨材料修复和防护尤为重要。本文通过单组分聚脲材料性能试验揭示了材料的特点,介绍了其在新疆某大坝溢流面防护中的应用情况,其处理技术对类似工程具有良好的借鉴意义。     

引水工程大流量渡槽结构型式选择

针对工程等级高、过水流量大、抗震设防要求高的引水工程,渡槽结构型式选择存在工程技术难题,根据引水工程渡槽槽墩较高、荷载大、结构断面大、沉降变形影响因素较为复杂特点,进行了渡槽支承型式、槽身截面形式、渡槽墩身的比选。结果表明:简支结构具有减少施工难度和不均匀沉降对槽体结构应力影响,简化结构受力条件,简支结构较为有利优点。空心重力墩具有节省材料,充分利用材料强度,刚度较大,墩身质量较轻,抗震能力和抗冲击强,高度较大优点,对类似工程设计具有参考意义。     

2-(2,5-二氨基苯)乙醇的合成

在二氯乙烷介质中,将3-氟苯乙酸于70℃下硝化4 h得到5-氟-2-硝基苯乙酸(质量分数为67.8%)。用硼烷还原5-氟-2-硝基苯乙酸后,接着用氨水在高压釜中加热到100℃氨解,得到2-(5-氨基-2-硝基苯)乙醇(84.4%)。最后,10%Pd/C作催化剂,在无水异丙醇介质中,0.6～0.7 MPa下,于70～80℃催化氢化12 h,得到目标分子2-(2,5-二氨基苯)乙醇(64%)。与文献工艺相比,目标分子总收率提高11%。用H–NMR和MS确定了目标分子2-(2,5-二氨基苯)乙醇的化学结构。